Equity and common law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2926 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Equity evolved to cover the cracks within the common law. Over the years it has evolved a separate but parallel set of legal rules which complement the common law. The case of Dudley v Dudley illustrates this by announcing that ‘Equity†¦does not destroy the law, nor create it, but assist it’[1]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Equity and common law" essay for you Create order The common law was prone to reaching an unjust outcome, due to the rigid constraints. This was combated by the introduction of equity. During the reign of King James I, the public would petition the King appealing as it were to his conscience. The King dealt with these matters in conjunction with the Chancellor. This then led to the creation of the court of Chancery in the fourteenth century to administer the new set of complimentary rules. This led to confusion over which set of rules took precedent over the other. This was defined in The Earl of Oxfords Case (1615)[2] in which King James I stated that ‘if there is a conflict between common law and equity, then equity should prevail’. Lord Ellesmore LC went on to clarify the position of equity by stating ‘The office of the chancellor is to correct mans conscience’s for fraud, breach of trusts, wrongs and oppressions of whatever nature and to soften and mollify the extremity of the law†¦when judgemen t is obtained by hard conscience.’[3] The equitable maxims also known, as rules of conscience are different than their Common Law counterparts, this is evident within the way in which evidence and facts are treated. The common law judges are limited to providing only one remedy, that of damages. Equity in contrast has a range of remedies available, allowing the judge to consider the individual circumstances on a case by case basis. The remedies available in equitable judgements are specific performance[4], rescission[5], rectification and injunctions[6]. So what are the equitable principles under discussion? This paper will now consider them in turn. The first considered is equity follows the law. Beever explains that ‘equity fills the gap between legal justice and absolute justice’[7] he went on to explain further by stating that ‘the content of equity consists of those judgements required to reconcile the former with the latter.’[8] They furt her back this explanation by the following words from Aristotle. ‘[W]hen the law states a general rule, and a case arises under this that is exceptional, then it is right, where the legislator owing o the generality of his language has erred in not covering that case, to correct the omission by a ruling such as the legislator himself would have been there, and as he would have enacted if he had had been aware of the circumstances’[9] This highlights equity’s position within the law. It points out that when there is a dispute between the common law and equitable principles; the common law will prevail. When considering this one must also take into account the maxim that Equity acts in personam. This is especially so when remedies are being considered. This is due to the fact that equity unlike the common law acts in the interests of the parties involved. It is important to note that equity does not change any common law ruling. It simply puts them aside for the sake of justice and fairness at a micro not macro level. Equity will not enforce an unconscionable contract. Where equities are equal the law prevails. In this one must look to see if common law solution is equal to that of the equitable one then the common law will take priority. The solution at common law if considered to be an inadequate remedy, then equitable solutions will be considered. Equity looks to substance rather than form shows that the equitable solutions are available even though they may not be protected by the common law. The court will look to what the parties before them intended. It does not require, unlike the common law specific formalities to have occurred before the law will be able to aid the claimant. This is discussed in the case Parkin v Tharold in which it stated that if formalities are required by statute, then equity could not override it. This is a direct link to the maxim that equity follows the law, providing yet more evidence that the maxims must be considered as a whole within each individual case. The following maxim, Equity regards as done that which ought to have been done relates to the equitable remedies available. Examples of this can be seen in Howe v Lord Dartmouth[10] and AG for Hong Kong v Reid[11]. The following maxim is concerned with the character of the defendant; He who comes to court must come with clean hands. This is best explained by Woods J in the case of Cross v Cross[12] in which it states ‘†¦any conduct of the plaintiff which would make a grant of specific performance inequitable can prove a bar.’ In other words, past behaviour will be taken into account. However, this is limited to behaviour that is directly related to the case in hand, see Dering v Earl of Winchester[13]. Statutory instruments generally proved guidance upon the maxim that Delay defeats equity. However, where the Limitation Act 1980 is silent on the issue at hand then it will be governed by the equitabl e doctrine of ‘laches’. A delayed response can prove to be a bar to equitable remedies as it can indicate that there has been acceptance of the new status quo. The application of justice and fairness is the cornerstone of equity. It will come as no surprise that the maxim equity is equality provides equal division of assets, unless this would prove to be unconscionable. The maxim equity will not aid a volunteer insists that consideration must have taken place for an agreement to have taken place. Equity will only be available to those party to the agreement.[14] This is by no means an exhaustive list of the equitable maxims available, it does, however cover the main establish uncontended maxims. This paper will concentrate on the following two maxims. Equity Imputes an intention to fulfil an obligation and Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy. These have been chosen due to their intertwined and substantial impact. The Former helped to build an entire ly new area of law; the trust. This has proved very important in all areas of the legal system. This evolved from the antiquated concept of the ‘use’; the abuse of this concept became ever more apparent during the Crusades. The legal title was all that mattered to the courts. This led to grave injustices as the common law refused to recognise anything but the holder of the legal title. The only remedy afforded to it by the common law was that of damages due to a breach of confidence. This did not aggrieve the true owner of the property, as they would still have lost the proprietary interest. The chancellor of the time developed a system that invented the concept of duality of land ownership. This did not interfere with the common law interest it merely complimented them, minimising the risk of injustices occurring. The method adopted was to ensure that honesty and modesty prevailed over unconscionable conduct. Equity Imputes an intention to fulfil an obligation br idged the gap that had been left by inflexible remedies at common law; that of damages. This needed to be addressed by the law as it was creating many instances of unjust verdicts. Equity brought with it a whole new set of remedies. Equity acts very differently than the common law. Equity acts in personam unlike the common law, which acts in rem. Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy indicates that equity will not allow technicalities to act as a bar to justice. It has evolved to strengthen the defects in the common law system. There are many examples that could be put forward to bolster this papers claims that this is one of the most influential equitable maxims. However, this paper will concentrate on the introduction of equitable remedies. The common law could only recognised the holder of the legal title and not the person for whose benefit he agreed to hold the property. Equity considers the interests of and rights of the beneficial owner. Such remedies ar e numerous, however it is specific performance and injunctions that are the most common and discussed within this paper. This maxim also covers equitable doctrines and how they can help in ensuring justice is done. In this area the two maxims under discussion can be seen to overlap. This makes it very difficult to assess their individual impact upon the law, with regards to this matter. Many of the cases that show this maxim in action are property law cases. This does not mean this maxims influence is limited to this area of law. It is extremely far reaching, encompassing contract and commercial laws. As discussed above the creation of the trust has allowed unconscionable conduct to come under the long arm of the law and prevent wrongs from being committed with the blessing of the legal system. A trust can either be created orally or in writing. There only needs to be (like in contract law) an intention to create. In equity the intention to create a trust in all that is needed . This is discussed in the case Paul v Constance [1977][15] and elaborated upon more recently in the case of Rowe v Prance [1999][16]. The trust developed over the years to have its own set of established rules and precedent. The common law aspects of each case were never in question. Equity is concerned with ensuring that the trustee uses the property for the benefits of beneficiary. In doing this equity imposed upon the trustee a multitude of fiduciary obligations. We can see this in action in the case of Boardman v Phillips[17] in which an extremely strict application of this was applied. This equitable remedy is mostly prevalent within Property and Contract Law. Specific performance is best described as when the court orders a person to perform a specific action. This will only be if the remedies available at Common Law are considered to be of an inadequate nature. For instance, this is illustrated best when a written contract for the sale of land has taken place. If left to the Common Law, one would merely receive damages. It is considered in this instance by the courts that a piece of land is considered to be unique and damages would not compensate the potential purchaser. Failure to comply with an order for specific performance will render the defendant in contempt of court and thus be likely to face criminal proceedings. When applying equitable remedies such as specific performance one must take into account the following; would damages be a suitable remedy, the requirement of mutuality, the exercise of discretion and whether or not the claimant is a volunteer. This important as it prevents wrongs from going unpunished and allows the common law to be flexible without allowing the floodgates to open. The injunction is simply another way in which an action can be prevented or forced. The case of Shelfer v City of London Electric Lighting Co[18]. In this case Smith J sdescribed the principles in which would distinguish which remedy was appropriat e. â€Å"In my opinion, it may be stated as a good working rule that: (i) if the injury to the [claimants] legal rights is small; (ii) and is one which is capable of being estimated in money; (iii) and is one which can be adequately compensated by a small money payment; (iv) and the case is one which it would be oppressive to the defendant to grant an injunction, then damages in substitution for an injunction may be given.†[19] Again it must be proved that Common Law remedies would be inadequate before applying for an injunction of any kind. Since the Chancery Amendment 1858[20] the court has been able to grant damages as an additional remedy if the case proves it fulfils the correct criteria. This is now governed by the Supreme Court Act 1981.[21] Equity Imputes an intention to fulfil an obligation and equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy have established and developed many of the equitable remedies which have found their way slowly in to nearly all as pects of the law. It could be said that the Supreme Court of Judicature Acts 1875 caused this once the two systems of law were merge[22]. It has been argued that at this point the two systems were fused together. Meagher and Gummow describe this assumption as follows ‘Those who commit the fusion fallacy announce or assume the creation by the Judicature system of a new body of law containing elements of law and equity but in character quite different from its components. The fallacy is committed explicitly, covertly, and on occasion with apparent inadvertence. But the state of mind of the culprit cannot lessen the evil of the offence.’[23] The restatement in law in this form merely helped to clarify both sets of rules and how they work together in relation to each other. After all if equity follows the law it can not be considered as an entrench part of it. They go on to elaborate further on this later on in their article. The case concluded that ‘[The fusion fallacy] involves the conclusion that the new system was not devised to administer law and equity concurrently but to fuse them into a new body of principles comprising rules neither of law nor of equity but of some new jurisprudence conceived by accident, born by misadventure and nourished by sour but high-minded wetnurses.’[24] When compared the two systems show that they complement each other and together allow the law to provide a more fair and effective legal system. At common law judges have to take into consideration bureaucracy and this proves to be unforgiving and rigid. Unlike the common law equity is more flexible as it allows the judge to base his judgement on consciousness, fairness and moral substance[25]. The influence upon the common law by equity is a complex one. Donovon describes the relationship as ‘the desire of the most well-regarded equity judges has been [to keep] equitable doctrines flexible and responsive, without the oppressiveness of p rocedure and †¦ attempting to keep factual consideration within the realm of principle, equity doctrine has always been certainly more amorphous than that of law’[26]. The most positive outcome to emerge from the evolution of the equitable maxims is the addition of a flexible component in which judgements could be made. It allowed for the law to be flexible, minimising the risks of unconscionable acts receiving the backing of the law. The impacts of the remedies available if applied have no actual impact on the common law as such. They do have an impact upon the individual claimant. Birks describes the impact of the following equitable remedies as ‘weakly discretionary’[27]. Thus, the impact is dependent upon the exercise of discretion. Equity evolved naturally to ensure that justice is not a victim to common law and will continue to influence the law on a personal level without effecting the status quo for countless years to come. Bibliography Thom pson, MP. ‘Modern Land Law’. Oxford University Press. 2001 Edwards, R and Stockwell, N. ‘Trusts and Equity’. Longman University Press. Burn, EH. ‘Trusts and Trustees. Cases and Materials’. Butterworths Press. 5th Edition. Spry. ‘The Principle of Equitable Remedies, Injunctions, Specific Performnce and Equitable Remedies.’ Sweet and Maxwell. 3rd Edition 1984. Thomas, M. ‘Blackstones statutes on Property Law – 2006 – 2007’. Blackstones Press. 14th Edition. A Beever. ‘Aristotle on Equity, Law and Justice’ 10 Legal Theory 33 Waters, D. ‘The Future of the Trust From a Worldwide Perspective’. 11 ITCP 4(199). 2004 Birks, P ‘Rights, Wrongs and Remedies’. 2000 OJLS 20(1). Burrows, A. ‘We Do This at Common Law But That In Equity’ 2002 OJLS 22(1). Pawlowski, M. ‘Building in Breach of Covanent: Injunction or Damages?’ 154 NLJ 1896. 2004. 1 Footnotes [1] Dudley v Dudley (1705) Pr Ch 241 [2] Earl of Oxfords Case (1615) 1 Rep Ch 1. [3] Per Lord Ellsemore LC. Earl of Oxfords Case (1615) 1 Rep Ch 1 [4] This is when the court demands a specific act must take place. This will more often than not involve a previously agreed action. [5] The cancellation by the court of a contract with the intention of placing the parties involved into a position akin to that as if the contract had never existed. [6] A judicial order restraining an action from taking place, or to enforce action. [7] A Beever. ‘Aristotle on Equity, Law and Justice’ 10 Legal Theory 33 at 35. [8] ibid [9] Ibid [10] Howe v Lord Dartmouth cited in Edwards, R and Stockwell, N. ‘Trusts and Equity’. Longman University Press at 34. [11] AG for Hong Kong v Reid [1994] 1 All ER 1. [12] Cross v Cross (1983) 4 FLR 235. [13] Dering v Earl of Winchester (1787) 1 Cox 318. [14] Edwards, R and Stockwell, N. ‘Trusts an d Equity’. Longman University Press. [15] Paul v Constance [1977] 1 WRL 527 [16] Section 53 (1)(b) of the Law of Property Act 1925. [17] Boardman v Phillips 1967] 2 AC 46 [18] Shelfer v City of London Electric Lighting Co. [1895] 1 Ch D 287 [19] Pawlowski, M. ‘Building in Breach of Covanent: Injunction or Damages?’ 154 NLJ 1896. 2004. [20] Thomas, M. ‘Blackstones statutes on Property Law – 2006 – 2007’. Blackstones Press. 14th Edition. [21] The Law Of Property Act 1925. Section 50. [22] Thomas, M. ‘Blackstones statutes on Property Law – 2006 – 2007’. Blackstones Press. 14th Edition. [23] R. P. Meagher, W. M. C. Gummow and J. R. F. Lehane, Equity, Doctrines and Remedies (3rd edn, 1992) at para 221 in Burrows, A. ‘We Do This at Common Law But That In Equity’ 2002 OJLS 22(1). [24] Ibid. [25] Ibid. [26] Waters, D. ‘The Future of the Trust From a Worldwide Pers pective’. 11 ITCP 4(199). 2004. [27] Birks, P ‘Rights, Wrongs and Remedies’. 2000 OJLS 20(1).

Jack s Survival Strategies And Patterns Of Adaptation Essay

Jack’s Survival Strategies and Patterns of Adaptation As a child, Jack’s life was extremely structured and contained. Ma was Jack’s source for everything, including his survival. When Ma took a â€Å"gone day,† Jack coped with her lack of response by withdrawing into his own world, reading, drawing, watching TV, and sleeping. As Jack grew, his inner resources of creativity and imagination increased and helped him to cope with his isolation and anxiety. When Jack finally experienced the vast world of people and spaces, Ma remained his only real interpersonal connection. When Ma attempted suicide and left Jack alone for an extended period, he once again retreated to his inner world, playing in a closet. In his adolescence, Jack did well academically, but his social anxiety and substance abuse became more pervasive, and as he grew to adulthood, he expressed a preoccupied attachment style in his relationships, repeating his childhood ambivalence toward Ma. 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Going the Distance free essay sample

Thecountdown had begun and there were just a few minutes left until showtime. Iperformed some last-minute stretches before stepping up to the faded chalk linein anticipation. I lifted my head and glared down the first straight-away. Bang! A cloud of smoke coughed from the gun and I soared from thestarting line. This was the moment when my exhausting training would pay off. Iwas finally competing in a cross-country meet. During cross country, Ilearned that dedication is one of the most important skills possible. During theseason, our team had weekly races averaging three miles. Each day my team trainedto increase our speed, strength and endurance. All the runners had to beextremely dedicated. I had to wake up at five in the morning for practice whilethe moon was still overhead. I never missed a practice where we would all pushourselves to our limits. As a team, we ran six days a week, the most allowed byour school. We will write a custom essay sample on Going the Distance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A runner couldnt survive the harshness of the training withoutcomplete dedication. This sport forced me to balance my schedule, too. Toperform to the best of my ability, I had to sleep and eat right. This meant nosoda for six months, no candy or other sweets. I found myself going to bedearlier than normal to ensure proper rest. I had to restrain myself fromparticipating in strenuous activity before each race. I also didnt play othersports to decrease the risk of injury, which was difficult since I have a passionfor so many sports. Dedication is a life skill I will incorporate in myactivities for the rest of my life. I have also learned perseveranceand unity, which are both crucial in the future. To improve, I had to run fasterand harder each workout, which left me sucking in as much air as possible by theend of the workout. During those times when my muscles pleaded for mercy and Iwas about to fall into the deadly trap of walking, I would push myself even more.Once I started, I knew I had to give 110 percent and endure to theend. Running six days a week in the unbearable 100-degree Arizona heattakes endurance, and to build that I had to keep running. The sweat would slideoff my face and I would get to the point where I felt like I was on top of theworld. Unity also became a valuable factor in my life and cross country.For each race, the finishing positions of a teams top five runners are addedtogether and the one with the fewest points wins. As a team, we had to supportone another to perform and place well. One person doesnt win a race, the teamdoes. We would pump each other up before each race. The cheers and yells of ourwild crowd made the opposing teams look on in horror at the stampede of Mustangsfrom Phoenix. All the skills acquired through sports have intertwinedwith my daily life. When I have responsibilities from parents, church leaders orothers, I know I have to carry them out. If I commit to a weekend job, dedicationand perseverance are key. As a team, unity is required for great achievements;family unity is needed for common goals and beliefs that will benefit the family.I can apply these to relationships, education and my future.

Tesco Customer Service Essay Example For Students

Tesco Customer Service Essay Tesco Customer Service Essay Customer service is the most important aspect of any business. Without an adequate relationship with its consumer base, a company is at an enormous disadvantage. Todays world competition is very strong in every kind of businesses. Every organisations must provide high quality products or services in order to survive, however their competitors also providing the same or comparable products or services. An important way to an organisation to get an edge over its competitors is to provide extra service to satisfy and delight their customers, which can retain them and also gain new customers. We will write a custom essay on Tesco Customer Service specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Therefore the achievement of customer satisfaction must be a major objective in all organisations. To achieve customer satisfaction, an organisation has to provide high quality products and also provide a excellent customer service. When the service and product that the company provided is good, they can obtain customer loyalty. The customers will go again and again and would probably tell their friends. In return, the company can gain lot of customers. Moreover, by this mouth promotion, the reputation of the organisation can be enhanced. And this organisation will soon achieve an increase in market share and profit. Aims of investigation Tesco is aim to provide the best possible value for their customers money. And they state that they are determined to offer quality products, good services, attractive stores and low prices to their customers. The investigation is to find out are they meeting these aims and how they meet these aims. Through the investigation I will compare their cost with other supermarket, their store environment, their staffs skill, services and their products quality. This can help me to find out are they meeting their aims and what they are doing badly. I also will search for the background of Tesco and found out all the useful information for this assignment. The investigation can help me provide evidence, true information and do the assignment easier. Structure Part one of my assignment is the research of the customer service practices in tesco. I will talk about the customer types, the customers needs, the organisations aims and policy and my conclusion. In this part, I will put some of the information in table and bullet point. Therefore the points are more clearly. The second part of this assignment is about the way of improvement to customer service. In this part, I will write in assay. The main customer in Tesco Tesco is a well-know international supermarket, and it sells a variety and huge range of products. Therefore, many different types of customer will visit Tesco. General public is the main group of customer of Tesco. General public mean anyone who might need the products or service. Everyone must need to visit the supermarket to buy some necessary products (e.g. food and milk). And many restaurants and take away shops will also buy their material in supermarket. Therefore, everyone also can be the customer of Tesco. We can always see male, female, families, and mothers with kids, single, disables, and students shop in a supermarket. Each of them have different needs and expectations, so Tesco have to provide a lot of facilities and a good customer service plan to meet all of their needs. The common needs and expectation of external customers: Information :The external customers of Tesco always expect the goods to be of high quality. They want to obtain the information on goods to know that it is of a high quality and they have to clarify and query detail. Honest dealing: The customers may need to ask for a refund if they are dissatisfied with the goods and make sure they can make a complaint. .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de , .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de .postImageUrl , .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de , .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de:hover , .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de:visited , .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de:active { border:0!important; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de:active , .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucf54957b88458475b10ac6ed2b6157de:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mersault-Sisyphus EssayServices :Customers want to have a polite and good customer service provided for them. Some elderly and disable people may need the delivery service. Environment:Customers like to shop in a safe and comfortable environment and they want to have a shop forecourt where they can load goods in a safe area with no heavy traffic. Well-packaged products:Customers like to buy the products which are well- packaged and with no damage on it. Payment facilities:Customers want the company to provide a variety of payment facilities. (E.g. credit card, cash) so they can pay for the goods easier. Facilities:Customer may need a rest place and toilet when .

Julius Caesars Civil War Battle of Pharsalus

Julius Caesars Civil War Battle of Pharsalus The Battle of Pharsalus took place on August 9, 48 BC and was the decisive engagement of Caesars Civil War (49-45 BC). Some sources indicate that battle may have taken place on June 6/7 or June 29. Overview With the war with Julius Caesar raging, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) ordered the Roman Senate to flee to Greece while he raised an army in the region. With the immediate threat of Pompey removed, Caesar quickly consolidated his position in the western parts of the Republic. Defeating Pompeys forces in Spain, he shifted east and began preparing for a campaign in Greece. These efforts were hampered as Pompeys forces controlled the Republics navy. Finally forcing a crossing that winter, Caesar was soon joined by additional troops under Mark Antony. Despite being reinforced, Caesar was still outnumbered by Pompeys army, though his men were veterans and the enemy largely new recruits. Through the summer, the two armies maneuvered against each other, with Caesar attempting to besiege Pompey at Dyrrhachium. The resulting battle saw Pompey win a victory and Caesar was forced to back away. Wary of fighting Caesar, Pompey failed to follow up this triumph, preferring instead to starve his opponents army into submission. He was soon swayed from this course by his generals, various senators, and other influential Romans who wished him to give battle. Advancing through Thessaly, Pompey encamped his army on the slopes of Mount Dogantzes in the Enipeus Valley, approximately three and a half miles from Caesars army. For several days the armies formed for battle each morning, however, Caesar was unwilling to attack up the slopes of the mountain. By August 8, with his food supplies low, Caesar began debating withdrawing east. Under pressure to fight, Pompey planned to give battle the next morning. Moving down into the valley, Pompey anchored his right flank on the Enipeus River and deployed his men in the traditional formation of three lines, each ten men deep. Knowing that he had a larger and better-trained cavalry force, he concentrated his horse on the left. His plan called for the infantry to remain in place, forcing Caesars men to charge a long distance and tiring them before contact. As the infantry engaged, his cavalry would sweep Caesars from the field before pivoting and attacking into the enemys flank and rear. Seeing Pompey move off the mountain on August 9, Caesar deployed his smaller army to meet the threat. Anchoring his left, led by Mark Antony  along the river, he too formed three lines though they were not as deep as Pompeys. Also, he held his third line in reserve. Understanding Pompeys advantage in cavalry, Caesar pulled 3,000 men from his third line and arrayed them in a diagonal line behind his cavalry to protect the armys flank. Ordering the charge, Caesars men began advancing. Surging forward, it soon became clear that Pompeys army was standing their ground. Realizing Pompeys goal, Caesar halted his army approximately 150 yards from the enemy to rest and reform the lines. Resuming their advance, they slammed into Pompeys lines. On the flank, Titus Labienus led Pompeys cavalry forward and made progress against their counterparts. Falling back, Caesars cavalry led Labienus horsemen into the line of supporting infantry. Using their javelins to thrust at the enemy cavalry, Caesars men halted the attack. Uniting with their own cavalry, they charged and drove Labienus troops from the field. Wheeling left, this combined force of infantry and cavalry struck into Pompeys left flank. Though Caesars first two lines were under heavy pressure from Pompeys larger army, this attack, coupled with the entry of his reserve line, swung the battle. With their flank crumbling and fresh troops assaulting their front, Pompeys men began to give way. As his army collapsed, Pompey fled the field. Seeking to deliver the deciding blow of the war, Caesar pursued Pompeys retreating army and compelled four legions to surrender the following day. Aftermath The Battle of Pharsalus cost Caesar between 200 and 1,200 casualties while Pompey suffered between 6,000 and 15,000. Additionally, Caesar reported capturing 24,000, including Marcus Junius Brutus, and showed great clemency in pardoning many the Optimate leaders. His army destroyed, Pompey fled to Egypt seeking aid from King Ptolemy XIII. Shortly after arriving at Alexandria, he was murdered by the Egyptians. Pursuing his enemy to Egypt, Caesar was horrified when Ptolemy presented him with Pompeys severed head. Though Pompey had been defeated and killed, the war continued on as Optimate supporters, including the generals two sons, raised new forces in Africa and Spain. For the next few years, Caesar conducted various campaigns to eliminate this resistance. The war effectively ended in 45 BC after his victory at the Battle of Munda. Selected Sources HistoryNet: Battle of PharsalusRoman Empire: Battle of PharsalusLivius: Battle of Pharsalus

A Chance of Showers

A Chance of Showers A Chance of Showers A Chance of Showers By Maeve Maddox Thanks to a two-week run of rain in my part of the country, a local announcer’s repeated prediction of showers has finally driven me to write a post on his use of what to my ears is unidiomatic usage: â€Å"a chance for† in the context of weather. The established weather idiom is â€Å"a chance of,† as in Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs. Wondering if it was just the local man’s quirk, I did a Google search and found the unidiomatic use of â€Å"chance for† on weather sites in other parts of the country: Sun with a Chance for Showers (WFMZ-TV Eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey) Mostly Cloudy with a Chance for Scattered Showers (WBNS Columbus OH) Cooler with a Chance for Showers (KRCR Redding/Chico CA) A Google search indicates that the use of â€Å"chance for† is much less common when the anticipated weather is snow or plain rain. It’s difficult to discuss preposition use because so often the â€Å"correct† usage is idiomatic. Although the â€Å"chance for† weather usage is most frequent on the airwaves, I did a search on the print-based Ngram Viewer to get a sense of general usage. The combination â€Å"chance for showers† is not found at all. â€Å"Chance for rain† does produce a result, very close to nil; the usage rises slightly in the late 1980s. An Ngram search for â€Å"chance of† and â€Å"chance for† shows a distinct preference for of as the preposition to follow chance and chances. The bottom line is that of is the most usual preposition used with the noun chance in most contexts. Here are some examples: LeBron asks: What are the chances of making 10 free throws in a row? A Statisticians View: What Are Your Chances of Winning the Powerball Lottery? What are the chances of 366 strangers all having a different birthday? What is the chance of an asteroid hitting Earth and how do astronomers calculate it? When the preposition for follows chance, the suggestion seems to be that a positive outcome is regarded as desirable: â€Å"The Chance for Peace† (Title of an address by D.W.Eisenhower) A chance for Mississippi to get out of the educational basement Persian Leopards: Large Cats with a Small Chance for Survival What Are the Chances for IVF Success? Rain, snow, showers, and thunderstorms may or may not be desirable, but so far, the standard preposition to use when anticipating their chances is of: Muggy with a Chance of Rain. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'ts60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Continue and "Continue on"

Exploring Human Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exploring Human Services - Essay Example Apart from drug abuse, alcohol abuse and tobacco abuse also come under the label of substance abuse. Substance abuse is increasing day by day all over the world because of increasing stress levels at family, society and workplace. The current generation is tied up with so many commitments and responsibilities at family, society and workplace and it is difficult for them to fulfill all the commitments. The failure or pressure to fulfill the commitments increases the stress levels of an average person which finally lead him towards substances like alcohol, drug or tobacco in order to get at least some temporary relaxation. â€Å"Abused substances produce some form of intoxication that alters judgment, perception, attention, or physical control. The 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse estimated the number of users of illicit drugs in the United States to be about 13 million. In addition, the survey estimated that 10% of Americans abuse or are dependent on alcohol, and 25% of Americans smoke cigarettes† (Substance Abuse Overview). This paper briefly explains the substan ce abuse through the perspectives of human services in New York City. Substance abuse can be prevented with the combined effort of family, school, community, individual and peer. If either one component of the above mentioned domains neglect the substance abuse issue, the prevention would be much more difficult. The persons who are already addicted to substance abuse must be given proper treatment and at the same time prevention also should be given priority. Substance abuse can cause problems not only to the person who is addicted, but even for the relatives or other family members as well. For example, an alcohol or drug addicted pregnant woman can cause severe damages to the physical and mental development of the fetus. Moreover, substance abusive behavior of either of the parents can cause lot of damages to the children irrespective of their age or sex. So the

Wk6(31) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wk6(31) - Essay Example A man received the promotion instead and he was less qualified than she was and had been at the job for less time. She felt she should have had the promotion but she was not sure what to do in the situation. Eventually, she quit the company and found a better job elsewhere. I asked her why she specifically left and she said it was because the company did not have the integrity she though tit had. The boss did not seem to want the best qualified person, but only another male in the position. She also felt that if she stayed in that position, she would never see an opportunity for promotion. In the beginning of the interview, I felt that talking to her and getting to know her a bit was my way of building rapport. Throughout the interview, I kept eye contact as best I could and I used attending and listening skills. The more I was attentive, the more information she gave. I could tell that this was still a sore subject with her b but she was willing to tell me about it. I believe that I showed empathy by generalizing what she was saying to me at certain points in the conversation to make sure that I understand what she was saying or feeling. I asked her about the anger she still felt and she said that although it happened a few years ago, she was still working through the anger. I did my best to be in the moment with Sandra. I agree with what Graybar and Leonard (2005) said about the counselor having to "enter the emotional world of another person" (p. 2). I asked a lot of questions for clarification because I felt they opened a stronger rapport with Sandra and allowed her to tell her story without having to explain every little detail to me. I did ask counselor/client questions. As an example, I asked her to identify the feelings about the loss of the promotion. I also asked her to define why she left the position and how this made her feel. I asked her to think deeply about this rather than saying the first thing that came to mind

Do Large Business Have an Affect on Small Business Essay Example for Free

Do Large Business Have an Affect on Small Business Essay Considering the normative statement that both large and small businesses should follow the same ethical and moral standards, this paper analyzes the perceptions of individuals based on the relative ethical behavior of small business as compared to large business. The study of ethics focuses on the differences between what is right and what is wrong in society which affects both small business and large business due to their obligation to the public and their stakeholders. Both entities are guided by the same standards and both are expected to meet all legal regulations and ethical standards. The analysis employs surveys to gauge the public’s perceptions of the ethical decision making by management in both small business and large business. The survey also analyzes the role of those ethical decisions within scenarios and their impact on the individuals’ patron behavior in small business as compared to large business. Statistical analysis has been utilized to test the authors’ overall hypothesis that the public is generally less concerned about ethical decision making of small business relative to large business. The implications of these findings for both large and small businesses are provided with the analysis and suggestions to correct the disparity between both entities. Introduction During the past decades it has been evident that ethics has become the hot topic in business. However, much of the talk is not comprised of all types of business it involves primarily the large corporations. Large corporations such as Enron have caused much grief to those around them and everyone that they employed. Due to this reason regulations such as the Sarbanes- Oxley Act have been enforced to hold large businesses accountable. While these regulations have focused solely on large corporations, efforts to regulate small businesses have been small. It is estimated that small businesses make up over 80% of all business in the United States of America. That is a huge sector which is unregulated due to its size. While the adverse actions of each entity do not do great harm to the economy; the cumulative damage of all components of the group could have devastating impacts on the general economy. Literature Review Businesses today are completely different than the businesses of years past. Today, business ethics has become an area of great concern in both corporate culture and academia. Companies such as WorldCom and Enron have caused people to reevaluate philosophy and business. Ethics can be defined by the morals that people and companies hold. Although internal and external forces influence businesses, there are three issues that affect issues in business. These three issues are systematic, corporate, and individual. To truly understand each factor one has to understand how each of these issues differs and how they influence the business itself. Systematic issues analyze ethical values in economic, political, legal, and other social systems in which the business operates (Velasquez, 2006). An example of this would be a question of morality about the current laws pertaining to accounting systems. Laws influence the actions of people because they stem through consequences with the local or federal government. People tend to be scared of a higher authority more than self punishment. 2010 Small Business Institute ® National Conference Proceedings Vol. 34, No.1 Winter 2010 293 The second factor is corporate issues which are issues of morality of internal activities such as policies, practices, and organizational structure (Velasquez, 2006). Corporate issues are based on corporate cultures. If a company treasures capital gains more than human capital the company would then lay off employees to save money. On the other hand, a company that treasures its employees is more likely to take a cut and keep their employees. To say that one company is more ethical because of their decision lays in a company’s moral standards. The idea of moral standards stems from the third type of issue which is the individual issues. Individual issues are issues that are based on individuals within a company along with their behaviors and decisions (Velasquez, 2006). This includes the moral standards of individuals. Moral standards are standards that are set by the individuals themselves and by no other governing body. Hence, each individual has a right to stand for what they believe in. It may be simple to take these three factors and state that this is common sense information; however, it is just as complicated to say that there can be one rule that can apply to every situation that is similar. In cases where individual morals differ from those of corporate or systematic, it is easy to assume that one would no longer pay attention to their place of business or the entity that is different. However, humans are prone to being victims of society and need to supply for their family. Knowing that something unethical is occurring at a place of business does not mean that the person will just walk away whether they have worked in small or large firms. Decisions of a business affect all tiers of the organizational structure which in turn affect the lives of all stakeholders of the company. Therefore, ethical standards have risen due to the current corruption in many large businesses. News reports of Nike and Merck have grabbed the attention for case studies and have become the top selling stories. The news ran the stories that exposed the fragile nature of the corporate worked to their affect on the country’s economy. Due to the global impact of large corporations the public’s eye is primarily on large businesses; however, ethical issues arise in small businesses as well. Lisa Miller states that small businesses â€Å"were overlooked when Wall Street’s mega-scams and scandal came to light (Miller, 2003). For people that analyze and teach ethics â€Å"business ethics have almost invariably concerned the doing, indeed generally the misdoings, of large companies (Quinn, 1997).† Quinn noted that in the late 20th century there has been an increase in the economic activity of small businesses (Quinn, 1997). He states that not only do the managers have to be observed so do the employees. The employees have want approval of their peers which is also accepted by the manager/owner (Quinn, 1997). In large businesses it seems easier to separate you personal ethics from businesses ethics. In small businesses the relationship with one’s coworkers becomes a sub-family relationship making it that much harder to make â€Å"ethical† decision. The overall factors that influence business ethics derive from personal ethics and how those ethics affect others. Miller points out that it is an assumption that small businesses do not need a code of ethics however, they have a bigger temptation to b involved in â€Å"dubious business practices (Miller, 2003). 2010 Small Business Institute ® National Conference Proceedings Vol. 34, No.1 Winter 2010 294 In Mark Schwartz essay A Code of Ethics for Corporate Code of Ethics, Schwartz finds that over ninety percent of large corporations have a code of ethics (Schwartz, 2002). He concluded that there a six universal moral standards in four different sources. The moral standards that he looked at included trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring, and citizenship (Schwartz, 2002). Due to these criteria Schwartz states that a code of ethics should be constructed on factors that could be audited. His study provides a normative foundation for evaluating a corporation’s code of ethics. In a 1981 an article by Brown and King analyzed the influences and perceptions of small business ethics. In their foundational work Brown and King realized the disparity in public awareness between small business ethics and large business ethics. Brown and King surveyed a small group of individuals consisting of â€Å"small business† respondents and â€Å"other† respondents who were mostly employed by large corporations. Brown and King’s research sought to answer three questions. First, the research asked â€Å"How high are the ethics of small business people perceived to be?† Second, â€Å"Compared to others, what causes the behavior of people in small business to be more or less ethical?† Finally, â€Å"What are the prevailing small business attitudes concerning ethical issues?† (Brown and King, 1981). Brown and King found that there was a surprisingly small difference in the responses between the two subgroups of respondents. The research conducted by Brown and King examined the perspectives of those in the various sized business. The research left a gap in the general public’s perceptions of the ethical actions between large and small business. The Center for Business Ethics surveyed Fortune 1000 industrial and service companies to see how they have instilled their ethical values to compare their results from the study they performed in the mid 1980s. Their survey showed some progress but, not enough (Center for Business Ethics, 1992). Ethical standards fall in line with legal regulations. Sandra Malach, et al. believe that incorporating legal planning into business planning to avoid legal issues and to protect the businesses most important assets (Malach, Sandra et al, 2006). While legal action is important it is important to focus on consequences in a workplace outside o f the any punishments. To further analyze ethical dilemmas it is important to observe the consequences at a workplace. One consequence that business can apply is a zero tolerance policy in a workplace. This ethical dilemma is especially interesting when applied in a small business setting, and contrasted with techniques applied in large corporations. The ethical compass of the theory for the zero tolerance policy is Kant’s Categorical Imperative. Kant’s Categorical Imperative is defined by the rule that people should â€Å"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, always at the same time as an end and never merely as a means to an end (Stanford, n.d.).† Kant’s Categorical Imperative is a very restrictive rule to live by and cannot practically be applied to everyday life. However, when discussing ethical dilemmas in the workplace, the Categorical Imperative should not be overlooked. The Zero Tolerance Policy embodies the Categorical Imperative in the sense that everyone must ask himself/herself whether they would be willing to have the same behavior applied to them if the roles were reversed. In the business setting the Categorical Imperative has a special value; it helps mitigate moral hazard. 2010 Small Business Institute ® National Conference Proceedings Vol. 34, No.1 Winter 2010 295 Moral hazard was once described as â€Å"a situation in which a party is insulated from the consequences of its actions†¦Thus protected, it has no incentive to behave differently (Ahrens,2008).† In the business setting, moral hazard can be devastating to the culture of the company and can eat away at the profit margin. Consider an employee who is discovered to be â€Å"moonlighting† or working an untaxed second job during hours in which the employee should be giving full attention to their actual job. This behavior may seem harmless and may only warrant a verbal warning, but when the other employees discover how easy it is to get by with unethical behavior they are incentivized to act unethically. This slippery slope scenario results only in the necessary termination of the unethical employee. When an employer establishes that unethical behavior will not be tolerated the result is the strengthening of the corporate culture and the avoidance moral hazard. However, this scenario might work differently in a small business. In a small business the cost of a zero tolerance policy can be devastating. The costs associated with replacing an employee in a large corporation is easily spread across the entire entity as a fixed cost of doing business; this is not the case in the small business. The employer-employee relationship in the small business, by nature, is more flexible and more personal. This flexibility can allow for a more informal agreement, between management and employees, to be made. Finding a â€Å"win-win† solution allows for Kant’s Categorical Imperative to be upheld and moral hazard can be avoided. In a large publically traded company this kind of arrangement cannot be made because not all of those who are residual claimants (owners) can be spoken for. In the large publically owned company the zero tolerance policy should be followed, but in a small privately owned company a modified zero tolerance policy can be applied. Kant’s Categorical Imperative can be a useful tool when designing corporate policy in publically traded companies. The zero tolerance policy should be applied in publically traded companies. In addition, Kant’s Categorical Imperative should still be applied to design a modified zero tolerance policy in small private companies. To solve the issue of what the zero tolerance policy entails, the company needs to implement a code of ethics in their organization. Eberhard Schnebel and Margo A. Bienert state that a code of ethics strengthens an organizations success therefore improving the overall value of the company (Schnebel Bienrt, 2004). The value that is added is the public’s perception that the business is there to benefit the community. L. Spence studied a similar phenomenon as this essay explores. In a 1999 study L. Spence found that there is a lack of information on any correlation between small businesses and their ethical standards. The reason for this is because small firms receive little attention by the media which makes them a quick oversight (Spence, 1999). Four years later L. Spence wrote an editorial with R. Rutherfoord to explore the sociological perspective in the field of ethics (Spence Rutherfoord, 2003). Due to these two studies we have been motivated to explore the issue further and gain insight on why there is a lack of information on the issue. 2010 Small Business Institute ® National Conference Proceedings Vol. 34, No.1 Winter 2010 296 Hypotheses As discussed earlier, the objective of this pilot study was to examine the differences in respondents’ perceptions of ethical dilemmas and ethical standards in small business as compared to large business. In order to facilitate the primary research objective the following working hypotheses were formed: H1: The size of the business will have no impact on consumers’ shopping decisions when ethical dilemmas are present. H2: The size of the business will have no impact on the actions of employees when ethical dilemmas are present. H3: The size of the business will have no impact on the respondents’ perception of the incentives associated with acting ethically. H4: In general, respondents believe that small businesses should be held to the same ethical standards as large corporations. These hypotheses are based on the supposition that individuals will be more lenient or forgiving of the shortcomings of small businesses relative to their large counterparts. Methodology The study was initiated with the creation of a preliminary (alpha) survey. The alpha survey resulted in fourteen respondents and was conducted by means of convenience sampling. The alpha survey was a paper based survey consisting of thirteen questions. The survey included demographic questions as well as analysis questions. There were mixed results on the alpha survey mostly due to the confusing survey design associated with strict time constraints. While the alpha survey did not provide sufficient data, it was useful as a tool in the creation of a secondary (beta) survey. The beta survey instrument consisted of two separate surveys. One survey was specific to small business while the other was specific to large business. The surveys were created and distributed electronically using Survey Monkey. The goal for the beta survey was a total of 100 respondents for each survey resulting in an overall total of 200 respondents. The small business survey yielded 105 useable returns, a 94.6 percent return rate. The large business survey yielded 107 useable returns, an 84.3 percent return rate. Each survey included five common demographic questions, two common questions pertaining to ethics, and eight questions relating specifically to either small business or large business. The survey was distributed broadly across various social networking sites and throughout the Christopher Newport University community. Due to time and budgetary constraints the beta survey consisted mostly of opportunity sampling and snowball sampling. The authors recognize the drawback of an opportunity sample; however, the research question in this pilot study can be adequately answered using this technique. The analysis questions on both the small business and large business surveys consisted entirely of binomial data. The respondents were limited to either â€Å"Yes or No† or â€Å"I agree or I disagree.† For the purpose of testing the hypotheses (H1, H2, and H3) statistical analysis will be used to measure the difference between the proportions of the two samples. For the final hypothesis (H4) the analysis will simply state the overall proportion of respondents in both surveys who answered favorably and interpret the results. Hypotheses H1, H2, and H3 will be tested at ÃŽ ±=.10, ÃŽ ±=.05, and ÃŽ ±=.01 levels of significance.

Immigration Case Study :: Immigration Immigrant Essays Papers

Immigration Case Study Four hours a week, discussing the issues of immigration, combined with a mountain of reading on the topic will eventually have an effect on a person's every day outlook. I discovered as much during my last semester at University. The absence of thought was more than made up for in the ensuing semester, as the ideas we discussed in class oozed into my daydreams, my personal time, and my personal associations. And if all that hadn?t happened, I never would have met Rosa. I came down the stairs in the hotel reservation center where I work and slid down the worn, but very clean tiles towards the employee?s break room. As had become a habit in the past few weeks, I was thinking over the most recent reading from SOC 331. This one was by Jo Ann Koltyk?New Pioneers in the Heartland, Hmong Life in Wisconsin. It told the story of several Hmong refugees who were carving out a new life for themselves in Wisconsin. It was filled with statistics and numbers, but what always came back to me when I least expected it was the people, and the faces that I dreamed up for them. Sometimes I would try to see out from inside those faces and watch how folks reacted to me, wondering if they wanted me to leave and go back ?home.? But, of course, being a white boy from Utah, I was one of the least qualified for that little piece of introspection. Rosa was mopping the otherwise empty break room. I didn?t know her name at that point. In fact I had never given her more than a friendly smile before side-stepping her custodian cart, and heading back to the time clock. I had heard her speaking in Spanish to the few other janitors, all of whom worked the late shift like me on the weekends. I worked poor hours because I was relatively new in my department. They worked them, I assumed because no one wanted to see floors being mopped during the day. As I stepped into the room this time, I looked at the woman who was cleaning the tiles for me and discovered that I was impressed. Immigration Case Study :: Immigration Immigrant Essays Papers Immigration Case Study Four hours a week, discussing the issues of immigration, combined with a mountain of reading on the topic will eventually have an effect on a person's every day outlook. I discovered as much during my last semester at University. The absence of thought was more than made up for in the ensuing semester, as the ideas we discussed in class oozed into my daydreams, my personal time, and my personal associations. And if all that hadn?t happened, I never would have met Rosa. I came down the stairs in the hotel reservation center where I work and slid down the worn, but very clean tiles towards the employee?s break room. As had become a habit in the past few weeks, I was thinking over the most recent reading from SOC 331. This one was by Jo Ann Koltyk?New Pioneers in the Heartland, Hmong Life in Wisconsin. It told the story of several Hmong refugees who were carving out a new life for themselves in Wisconsin. It was filled with statistics and numbers, but what always came back to me when I least expected it was the people, and the faces that I dreamed up for them. Sometimes I would try to see out from inside those faces and watch how folks reacted to me, wondering if they wanted me to leave and go back ?home.? But, of course, being a white boy from Utah, I was one of the least qualified for that little piece of introspection. Rosa was mopping the otherwise empty break room. I didn?t know her name at that point. In fact I had never given her more than a friendly smile before side-stepping her custodian cart, and heading back to the time clock. I had heard her speaking in Spanish to the few other janitors, all of whom worked the late shift like me on the weekends. I worked poor hours because I was relatively new in my department. They worked them, I assumed because no one wanted to see floors being mopped during the day. As I stepped into the room this time, I looked at the woman who was cleaning the tiles for me and discovered that I was impressed.

Gender differences over attraction on Facebook Essay

Internet has for a long time changed the way people communicate. One such internet services are provided by the Facebook. Since its launching in the year 2004, Facebook acts both as a means of communication while at the same time helps to maintain interpersonal relationships between genders. Past analysis show the use of internet to have dominated in one gender, the male, but the recent developments show equality in the male and female internet use. This study analysis the gender differences over attraction on Facebook. Such differences will be based on their differences on the use of Facebook and online relationships forged through the use of Facebook. The paper will also give a future direction on the results and the limitations in the research (Gross, 2004). Introduction There exist a lot of differences in as far as gender is concerned on internet services offered by the varying internet providers. The increased accessibility and the fact that internet services are ever expanding helps to augment the way people communicate. The internet use and the interpersonal relationships create a basis for gender differences on Facebook use. Considering some of the gender differences that exist and the dynamic nature of the Facebook users, it’s imperative to analyze the demographic differences that exist between the genders on such issues as (and not limited to) online relationships (Fallows, 2005). In as far as Facebook is concerned, the differences that exist in the usage or attraction to the services offered range from (and not limited to) chatting, sending mail, educational purposes, creation of ideas, pursuing sexual relationship. This paper carries out an analysis on different journal articles on the Facebook use and then gives a future direction of the topic. Methodology Secondary method of data collection was employed to collect the data for this paper. This is by the use of different journal articles on psychology, addressing the gender differences over attraction on Facebook. Facebook What is Facebook? Social networking website, with a free access, managed and privately possessed by the Facebook, Inc. it enables its users to connect with different networks organized by   (and not limited to) the school, and workplace, among others. It also enables people to add friends, communicate through messages, and update their profiles to provide information to their friends. It was founded by computer science student Mark Zuckerberg, and other students at Harvard University. It’s commenced with its members limited to Harvard students and later expanded to several colleges and universities (Ellison, Steinfeld & Lampe, 2007). It allows users to interact with a number of its features, such as the Wall (for posting messages), Pokes (a virtual poke to the users), Photos (for users to upload albums and photos), and Status (for users to inform their friends on their whereabouts and particular actions). Although Facebook has had a great success in the past, it has also received several challenges and controversy. For instance, it has been banned and blocked by some countries such as Syria and Iran, and its usage banned at different workplace to discourage workers from wasting time while using the service. Its privacy has also been compromised (Ellison, Steinfeld & Lampe, 2007). Literature review This section gives an explanation on the different journals used in writing of this paper. According to Yan (2006), the debates over the extent of gender differences in as far as internet use on Facebook is concerned still exist. The journal continues to explain that the ratio of men to women, who happen use these internet services, are equally distributed, although their activities while online are quite different (Yan, 2006). Golub, Baillie, and Brown (2007), noted that the attraction of women to the internet service was more on a need for a interpersonal communication, that includes, and not limited to chatting and message sending and other educational purposes, while on the other hand, although men enjoyed interpersonal communication, they were more into the different news offered by the internet service such as business news, such as on web page creation, and pursuing sexual relationships (Golub, Baillie, & Brown, 2007). On the other hand, Boneva, Kraut, and Frohlich (2006), in their recent studies indicate that women are more likely to use computer mediated communication that do men. This in other words is to say, women tend to use Facebook communication services for relationship building. Golub, Baillie, and Brown (2007), indicates that there are gender differences in as far as attraction is concerned, and this is attributed to the usage of the Facebook services. For the male, they consider the internet use as a daily activity more than women do. This indicates a gender gap in the internet use in as far as face book is concerned. The journal also indicated that men were more attracted to the use of Facebook messaging as a means to forge relationship more than women, this is because, men prefer to â€Å"date† and communication online than in person. Another difference existed in the state of the relationship especially, whereby; the journal indicates that women take such relationship more seriously than do men (Golub, Baillie, & Brown, 2007). According to Gross (2004), there exist no difference in as far as maintaining existing relationship is concerned via the Facebook. This is to mean that men and women prefer to use the Facebook services for the purposes of communication with their loved one in order to maintain an existing relationship. Lenhart, Madden and Hitlin (2005), indicated that men were more likely to communicate with strangers than women. This is because of the fact that some men would prefer to use the service for short term relationship or to establish a sexual relationship (Lenhart, Madden & Hitlin, 2005). Other reasons included the fact that men would greatly be affected by the physical appearances and therefore preferred this service. The authors also indicate that Facebook internet users from both genders have in the process formed a new relationship; friendly, romantic, and professional. This is attributed to the nature of privacy provided by the messaging services provided by the Facebook (Lenhart, Madden & Hitlin, 2005). On the contrary to the above findings, Fallows (2005) argue that, though internet use has in the past been a male domain, through the introduction of Facebook services, the gender gap in the use of their services have in great way improved. There is a high indication the future growth in the internet use in as far as Facebook is concerned which might tend to increase the gender gap. This is because introduction of such services as games will have a tendency to attract men. News and advertisement will also tend to attract men. Therefore, depending on the face and the services offered by the Facebook, the gender differences will be established (Ellison, Steinfeld & Lampe, 2007). References Ellison, N. B., Steinfeld, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook â€Å"Friends:† Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12 (4). Yan, Z. (2006). What influences children’s and adolescents’ understanding of the complexity of the internet? Developmental Psychology, 42(3), 418-428. Fallows, D. (2005). How women and men use the internet. Washington D.C.: Pew internet and American Life Project. Retrieved on 9th march 2009, from: http://www.pewinternet.org. Lenhart, A. Madden, M. & Hitlin, P. (2005). Teens and technology: Youth are leading the transition to a fully wired and mobile nation. Washington D.C.: Pew internet and American Life Project. Retrieved on 9th march 2009 from: http://www.pewinternet.org. Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(6), 633-649. Boneva, B., Kraut, R., & Frohlich, D. (2006). Using email for personal relationships: The difference gender makes. American Behavioral Scientist, 45(3), 530-549. Golub, Y., Baillie, M. & Brown, M. (2007). Gender Differences in Internet Use and Online Relationships. American journal of psychological research. New York, NY: Brooklyn College. 3(1).

Mecca Silk Conditioner a Research Paper

Abstract Generally, the study wanted to make a homemade conditioner from eggyolk, flour, malunggay oil extract, cucumber juice and calamansi juice and Shall be called â€Å" MECCA Silk Conditioner. † Specifically, it tries to find out if oregano leaves eggyolk, flour, malunggay oil extract, cucumber juice and calamansi juice be made into a conditioner. Among the treatments, which one are the best proportion for the homemade conditioner and if there is a difference between the newly produced MECCA Silk Conditioner and the commercial one in terms of smell, appearance and shining effect.The materials were gathered and prepared. Cucumber was peeled, cut and pounded to get its 20 ml. juice. Calamansi fruit was also cut and squeezed to extract the 20 ml. juice. Twenty ml. detergents were measured. Three grams of Malunggay Leaves was boiled in 50 ml. vegetable oil. The beaker was covered and removed only when boiling starts. It was boiled for 3 minutes. It was then cooled for 5 minut es and strained in clean containers. Thirty ml. water was poured in a 100 ml. flour and stirred until well- blended.Two medium-sized egg yolk were beaten until sticky. Measured Malunggay oil, detergents, cucumber and calamansi juice were added little by little and stirred continuously. The mixture was added to the flour and mixed thoroughly until it looks whipped. Poured in a clean container, label its name, use and expiry date. The contents of the chosen ingredients which are carefully studied by the researchers and the positive effects to the respondents made the newly produced product to be an alternative conditioner for the commercial one.Aside from the availability of materials in the environment, it is also easy to prepare. Treatment B, came out to the best proportion for the produced deodorant as a result of the series of experimentation and through the application and evaluation of the five respondents. MECCA Silk Conditioner appeared to have shining effect, smooth and manag eable in appearance . It last for a day therefore it is acceptable and comparable to the commercial one. IV. Research Plan a) Materials and Methods

Soup a Model Essay Example

Soup a Model Essay Example Soup a Model Essay Soup a Model Essay Comparing differences and similarities:  These two adverts designed by Cup a soup advertising Slim a soup both have similar design ideas and both use the same idea to promote the product in slightly different ways. Although this product is advertised towards two different ages that have many similarities such as that both of the designs are done in a biro effect. If you go through the adverts you notice many similarities starting with the first line in both adverts the word Instant is highlighted. Also the second line which in both adverts is the boldest has the main pun of the two adverts Soup a Model both underlined. The advert then continues with two steps the first step refers to super models in one way or another. In one lips and the other dress sizes, these two items referring to being a super model are also aimed at two different ages. The second point in both adverts refers to the soup Slim a Soup and gives basic directions to how to use the soup. Although these two adverts have the same ideas throughout and have a lot of similarities there are also many differences, which makes the two adverts stand out from each other such as the first two lines on each advert are done with different type faces and also in the first line the word Instant is highlighted in different ways one is in bolder type the other is boxed to add more emphasis. In the second line the tittle is underlined in both adverts but in different ways. For the next two points the typeface from the title is continued into the sub-titles but a smaller version. In point one in both adverts, although both of them are talking about being a super model they do it in two different ways, one focuses on having the perfect lips aimed at older teenagers or even younger women, and the other is about a black, size 6 garment aimed at older women. Finally the last points both talk about the soup, but one contains a pun about the garments of clothing talked about in one of the adverts. Review:  I think these adverts work really well mainly due to them being so unconventional and that they attract you to look at them really well. The main pun Soup a Model helps advertise Slim a Soup really well as it portrays an image of everything the designers want you to think of Slim a Soup such as Weight loss, good looks and also that it is really stylish and that the likes of real models will be drinking Slim a Soup to loose weight. Also the fact that it is drawn in biro helps advertise it because doodling about yourself being a model on a piece of paper is something that a lot of women can relate to which in its self puts the on to a level of understanding women can easily relate to. Comments: I think both these adverts are both really good and advertise Slim a Soup really well. I really like the pun Soup a Model used throughout the two adverts it also tells us everything Slim a Soup is made out to be. I also like the picture of the lips I think it looks really good and it portray a good image in your mind. I dont like the dress idea that much as there isnt enough colour and makes the adverts look a little dull. I really like the fact that it is done in biro, as it is really different and unusual.  My own advert:  For this I will be using ideas from the two adverts I have been studying and design a similar one for an in-between age group of about 20-35. I will be keeping the layout and puns the same but change points 1 and 2 to fit my new age group.

Elizabeth Key and Her History-Changing Lawsuit

Elizabeth Key and Her History-Changing Lawsuit Elizabeth Key (1630 - after 1665) is a key figure in the history of American chattel slavery. She won her freedom in a lawsuit in 17th century colonial Virginia, and her lawsuit may have helped inspire laws making slavery a hereditary condition. Heritage Elizabeth Key was born in 1630, in Warwick County, Virginia. Her mother was a slave from Africa who is unnamed in the record. Her father was an English planter living in Virginia, Thomas Key, who arrived in Virginia before 1616. He served in the Virginia House of Burgesses, the colonial legislature. Accepting Paternity In 1636, a civil case was brought against Thomas Key, alleging that he had fathered Elizabeth. Such suits were common to get a father to accept responsibility to support a child born out of marriage, or to ensure that the father would help to get the child an apprenticeship. Key first denied paternity of the child, claiming that a â€Å"Turk† had fathered the child. (A â€Å"Turk† would have been a non-Christian, which could affect the slave status of the child.) He then accepted paternity and had her baptized as a Christian. Transfer to Higginson At about the same time, he was planning to go to England- perhaps the suit was filed to ensure that he accepted paternity before he left- and he placed the 6-year-old Elizabeth with Humphrey Higginson, who was her godfather. Key specified a term of indenture of nine years, which would bring her to the age of 15, a common time for indenture terms or apprentice terms to expire. In the agreement, he specified that after 9 years, Higginson was to take Elizabeth with him, give her a â€Å"portion,† and then free her to make her own way in the world. Also included in the instructions was that Higginson treat her like a daughter; as later testimony put it, â€Å"user her more Respectfully than a Common servant or slave.† Key then sailed for England, where he died later that year. Colonel Mottram When Elizabeth was about ten years old, Higginson transferred her to a Colonel John Mottram, a justice of the peace- whether it was a transfer or sale is not clear- and he then moved to what is now Northumberland County, Virginia, becoming the first European settler there. He founded a plantation he called Coan Hall. About 1650, Col. Mottram arranged for 20 indentured servants to be brought from England. One of those was William Grinstead, a young lawyer who indentured himself to pay for his passage and work that off during the term of indenture. Grinstead did legal work for Mottram. He also met and fell in love with Elizabeth Key, still held as a bond servant to Mottram, though it was by that time 5 or more years beyond the term of the original agreement between Key and Higginson. Even though Virginia law at that time forbid indentured servants from marrying, having sexual relations or having children, a son, John, was born to Elizabeth Key and William Grinstead. Filing Suit for Freedom In 1655, Mottram died. Those settling the estate assumed that Elizabeth and her son John were slaves for life. Elizabeth and William filed suit in court to recognize both Elizabeth and her son as already free. At the time, the legal situation was ambiguous, with some tradition assuming all â€Å"Negros† were slaves no matter the status of their parents, and other tradition assuming English common law where bondage status followed that of the father. Some other cases held that black Christians could not be slaves for life. The law was especially ambiguous if only one parent was an English subject. The suit was based on two factors: first, that her father was a free Englishman, and under English common law whether one was free or in bondage followed the status of the father; and second, that she had been â€Å"long since Christened† and was a practicing Christian. A number of people testified. One resurrected that old claim that Elizabeth’s father was a â€Å"Turk,† which would have meant neither parent was an English subject. But other witnesses testified that from a very early time, it was common knowledge that Elizabeth’s father was Thomas Key. The key witness was an 80-year-old former servant of Key, Elizabeth Newman. The record also showed that she had been called Black Bess or Black Besse. The court found in her favor and granted her freedom, but an appeal court found that she was not free, because she was a â€Å"Negro.† General Assembly and Retrial Then Grinstead filed a petition for Key with the Virginia General Assembly. The Assembly formed a committee to investigate the facts, and found â€Å"That by the Comon Law the Child of a Woman slave begot by a freeman ought to be free† and also noted that she had been christened and was â€Å"able to give a very good account of her fayth.† The Assembly returned the case to a lower court. There, on July 21, 1656, the court found that Elizabeth Key and her son John were in fact free persons. The court also required that the Mottram estate give her â€Å"Corn Clothes and Satisfaction† for her having served many years beyond the end of her term of service. The court formally â€Å"transferred† to Grinstead â€Å"a maid servant†. That same day, a marriage ceremony was performed and recorded for Elizabeth and William. Life in Freedom Elizabeth had a second son by Grinstead, named William Grinstead II. (Neither son’s birth date is recorded.) Grinstead died in 1661, after only five years of marriage. Elizabeth then married another English settler named John Parse or Pearce. When he died, he left 500 acres to Elizabeth and her sons, which allowed them to live out their lives in peace. There are many descendants of Elizabeth and William Grinstead, including a number of famous people (the actor Johnny Depp is one). Later Laws Before the case, there was, as outlined above, some ambiguity in the legal status of the child of a woman who was in bondage and a free father. The assumption of the Mottram estate that Elizabeth and John were slaves for life was not without precedent. But the idea that all of African descent were permanently in bondage was not universal. Some wills and agreements by owners specified terms of service for African slaves, and also specified land or other goods to be granted at the end of the term of service to aid in their new life as fully free persons. For example, a woman, Jone Johnson, daughter of one Anthony Johnson identified as a Negro, was given 100 acres of land by the Indian ruler Debeada in 1657. Key’s suit won her freedom and established the precedence of the English common law about a child born to a free, English father. In response, Virginia and other states passed laws to override the common law’s assumptions. Slavery in America became more solidly a race-based and hereditary system. Virginia passed these laws: 1660: the term of indentured servitude was limited to five years- for servants from a Christian country1662: a child’s status as free or bond (slave) status was to follow the mother’s status, contrary to English common law1667: being a Christian did not alter status of bondage1670: prohibited Africans from importing any bonded laborers from anywhere (Africa or England included)1681: children of a European mother and African father were to be in bondage to age 30 In Maryland: 1661: a law was passed making all African Americans in the colony slaves, and all African Americans slaves at birth whatever the status of the parents1664: a new law outlawed marriages between European or English women and African (Negro/black) men Note: while the term â€Å"black† or â€Å"Negro† was sometimes used for Africans from the beginning of the presence of people of African descent in colonial America, the term â€Å"white† came into legal usage in Virginia about 1691, with a law referring to â€Å"English or other white women.† Before that, each nationality was described. In 1640, for instance, a court case described a â€Å"Dutchman,† a â€Å"Scotch man† and a â€Å"Negro,† all bond servants who escaped to Maryland. An earlier case, 1625, referred to a â€Å"Negro,† a â€Å"Frenchman,† and â€Å"a Portugall.† More about the early history of black or African women in what is now the United States, including how laws and treatment evolved: Timeline of African American History and Women Also known as: Elizabeth Key Grinstead; due to spelling variations common at the time, last name was variously Key, Keye, Kay and Kaye; married name was variously Grinstead, Greensted, Grimstead, and other spellings; final married name was Parse or Pearce Background, Family: Mother: not namedFather: Thomas Key (or Keye or Kay or Kaye) Marriage, Children: husband: William Grinstead (or Greensted or Grimstead or other spellings) (married July 21, 1656; indentured servant and lawyer)children:John GrinsteadWilliam Grinstead IIhusband: John Parce or Pearce (married about 1661)

News Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

News Analysis - Essay Example Broadcasting can also use diagrams or caricatures to enable readers or audiences understand the news. The use of newspaper is the oldest form of disseminating or communicating news. Newspapers were used before the introduction of broadcast tools such as radio, internet and television. The main advantage of newspaper over other forms of communicating news is that newspaper signifiers are on display to readers simultaneously (Allan, 2007, p. 114). This enables the readers to absorb the coded information or signifiers at their pace. This is not achievable with the radio or the television dissemination of news because once the audience misses the news they do not gain the information. News or stories on radio or television broadcasts are scheduled. Newspapers allow their readers to effectively and timely scrutinize the graphic codified materials and typographical linguistic. Radio and television are limited by the availability of direct visual coverage of stories or events. The stories a nd news are edited with an aim of displaying visually emotive elements of a story. The process of generating and disseminating news is dependent on the process of news selection. The process of news selection requires an individual to select stories based on the worthiness of the event. New selection also requires an individual to ignore items that are considered irrelevant or insignificant. News selection is dependent on the focus and target audience (Foreman, 2010, p. 59). For instance, tabloids mainly focus on people who consume celebrity gossip, while quality press publication focuses on people who read scandalous or political stories. A tabloid newspaper will have celebrity gossip on the front or cover page while a quality publication will have political news or news about a scandal on its front page. Different newspaper publications focus on different conventions (Bignall, 2007, p. 19). As a result, it is vital to decipher the signage within a news story

Marketing plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Marketing plan - Research Paper Example UAE hold a population that is among the top earners and top spenders on grooming in the world. It has the largest cosmetics and grooming market among the Gulf countries and men’s grooming has transformed from a niche market to an unavoidable business segment in the past 10 years and holds further growth in the next 5 years. While the prime driver of men’s grooming market is shaving products, research suggests that skin care and hair care for men are expect to grow big in the near future. The male grooming products market of the UAE is currently a $56.16 million (208 million UAE Dirhams) business, which is expected to grow to $84 million by 2018. As per the official 2010 estimate, the UAE male population of 6,161,820 outnumbers the female population of 2,102,250 by almost 3:1. Among the male population, 92% consists of expatriates, mostly young people from emerging countries like India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bangladesh, who today are no longer stereotyped as blue-colla red workers. In fact, Asian expatriates make up 44.6% of the total number of entrepreneurs in the UAE and of late, the pay rate differences between Asian and western expatriates are reportedly diminishing. In fact, Asian expatriates contribute about 63% of total consumer expenditure of the UAE The lucrative men’s grooming market is currently dominated by large multinationals such as L’Oreal, Nivea and Unilever. However, the market has so far gone largely untapped as these organisations operate by importing and selling their products through regional branches. Evidently, even in its current status, there is a huge business potential in men’s grooming in UAE. This report discusses the marketing plan of Arome de l'Emir, a proposed business that wishes to provide world-class hair care, skin care, shaving kits and fragrance products primarily to the young Asian male expatriates of the UAE. The goal of Arome de l'Emir is to be a pioneer business in the men’s gr ooming and lifestyle products market that enjoys high customer loyalty and brand recognition and delivers high value. However, the report highlights the many advantages, disadvantages, challenges and threats that Arome de l'Emir would face on its path to achieve its goals. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 4 Business Strategy 5 Business Goals 5 Mission statement 6 Internal and External environments 6 Market needs and opportunities 9 Marketing Strategy 11 Segmentation / target market 11 Intended Positioning 12 Product Analysis 13 Place (distribution network) analysis 14 Integrated communications analysis 15 Pricing analysis 16 Ethical Issues and Social Responsibilities 16 Conclusion 17 References 18 Business Strategy Business Goals Arome de l'Emir is a proposed business that wishes to have presence in men’s grooming. It will provide world-class hair care, skin care, shaving kits and fragrance products for the young male expatriates and citizens of the Uni ted Arab Emirates. It strives to bank in on the huge untapped male health and beauty market and be a market leader in the UAE in this business. Arome de