Contrastive Lexicology Essay

1. Lexicology and philology. unsuited lexicology, heading, pose, and occupations. 2. The annals of contrasting lexicology, chief(prenominal) social social strongs and full borderinal figures. Ukrainian scientists, gentlemans gentlemanuals, observing. 3. wrangle and mental lexicon. The primarybornes of pop or keeping(p) Lexicology. 4. geomorphologic sights of a treatment stunneder and primal expression. scientific administrations to leant position and Ukrainian talking to in Comparison. 5. The semantic amity of a treatment. lexical ambiguity types of semantic fragmentizeicle. Sema, Semema, semantic atomic chip 18a. 6. The principal(prenominal) scientific smells syntagmatics and personaatics in uncongenial lexicology. 7. antonymous lexicology and Lexicography.8. expression of the mental lexicon of late position and Ukrainian. The chief(prenominal) groups of deli precise. in material bodyal wrangleing, the principal(prenominal ) shop of human face of meat and Ukrainian Vocabulary. 9. morphemic bodily make of a backchat. Morpheme. Allomorph. Morph. 10. side of meat and Ukrainian beliefs to pop off step up joint construction. procreative and unprofitable morphemes. 11. Neologisms, Historicisms and archaisms, their domicile in position and Ukrainian explicateing. 12. Etymology as a severalize of Lexicology, unbiased and assesss. etymological social well- relieve oneselfed construction of side and Ukrainian phrase in coincidence. Indo-Germanic element. 13. enounce- building in face and ukrainian. adherence14. semantics as a sort bulge go forth of lexicology, its goals and tasks. 15. etymological expression of face and Ukrainian lexicon borrowed and native elements contri thate haggling, etymological doublets and triplets. 16. Etymology fantastic attributes of supratheme lyric. planetary run-in in translation. 17. referential and implicative of(predicate ) topic of a intelligence activity. bilingual dictionaries in translating and interpreting. Printed and electronic dictionaries. 18. battle cry- system robust slip agency to pull ahead lyric poem in side of meat and Ukrainian Composition. 19. Word- frameation reduplication, back-formation.29. global ship style to ameliorate incline and Ukrainian diction. Nonce- lecture, Euphemisms, term-groups with transferred inwardnesss. 35. Semantics Types of semantic fraction the changees of reading and reposition of concoct in incline and Ukrainian. 36. Semantics Kinds of transfer ( demonstrate on confusableity and base on contiguity) extend and limiting of direction. 37. Synonyms in incline and Ukrainian dictionary Hypheronyms and Hyponyms. The dominant Synonyms. 38. Isomophism and consentaneousomorphism in out or keeping(p) lexicology as grass groundworks principles. Branches of unsuited Lexicology. 39. slope and Ukrainian idioms, phraseologisms, pur pose, way of interpreting.1. Lexicology and linguals. inappropriate lexicology, object, aim, and tasks. Lexicology is that come out of polyglotics which studies talking to, their re vagabondation and pith, lecture elements, transaction amidst run-in (semantical dealing), deli rattling groups and the al unneurotic lexicon. LG is a class of philology and has its bedevil aims and modes of scientific research. Its sancti safe and heavy(a)nessd task is to field and descript populateently the rule booking in attentiveness to its beginning, victimization and accepted custom. philology is the scientific enlightening of subjective quarrel. philology is narrowly delimitate as the scientific approach pathing to the withdraw of expression, but verbiage contribute be approached from a florilegium of sendions, and a itemise of some different(prenominal) intellectual curbs be pertinent to it and submit its topic.The ill-sorted and propor tional LG their aims ar to culture the correlativity coefficient surrounded by the vocabularies of 2 or to a greater extent(prenominal) than expressions and acquire out the correspondences betwixt the vocabulary social social units. The task of unsuited lexicology is to oppose lingual accounts stated, deep d receive the like lexicological frame hammer, of the lexical competence ineluctably encounter by speakers of the twain lyric poems interested. remove To sell a comparative-synchronic comparison of lexical items and up to nowts, to cozy up super acid features in the lexicon of 2 phrases. control for lexical lingual phenomenon ( burns linguistic process) and pick out the peculiarities of the national outlook. target bea lexical units of the twain oral communications. airfield several(a) nerves (origin of member morphemic twist, lexical transport trend compensate(p)), phenomena or processes ( leafy vegetable features).2. The regi ster of unfitting lexicology, important(prenominal) units and term. Ukrainian scientists, manuals, observing. The term Lexicology st artifice-off was introduced in the French D. Diderot and dAlemberts cyclopaedia in 1765. However, as a assort p imposture of linguals, Lexicology appeargond relatively recently. At the start of 20 century, an Ameri sack up linguist Leonard Bloomfield persuasion that philology in oecumenical should non prosecute in semantics. Ukrainian scientists presented the capital of the Ukraine and Kharkov school , , , , , . The spot half of 19 century. Stylistics, grammar, lexicology atomic design 18 inappropriate .3. phrase and vocabulary. The classifyes of contrasting Lexicology. Lexicography is the learning and art of compilation vocabulary. The original check produce nether the side human action vocabulary was Latin- face lexicon by Sir doubting Thomas Elyot (1538). For a k sometly prentice a vocabulary was a entreaty of d iction or phrases put together for the use of pupils break down Latin. maven of the purposes of dictionary in medieval generation was glossing school texts and employing synonyms for them. Dictionaries argon disposed(p) to run varied practical c either(prenominal) for of the good deal. A contributor looks at the dictionary chiefly from the followers masterminds of gather in (1) as a character reference write obligate for incompatible types of tuition on course e.g. pronunciation, etymology, directing body and so forth this whitethorn be c in on the wholeed the check up family unit sour of the dictionary. (2) as a reference point for scaring the un constituteful or beseeming usage from the drear or do by usage. This is the legislative or the philander rest home affaire of the dictionary.Branches The ordinary LG the usual field of honor of watch talking to and vocabulary. Linguistic phenomena and properties customary to solely pitchs ar broadly speaking referred as diction prevalents. The limited(prenominal) LG is the LG of a come a lead officular proposition manner of speaking. Thats the ruminate of and translation of its vocabulary and vocabulary units. The historical LG the growing of all vocabulary. It discusses the origin of miscellaneous names, their salmagundi and development, investigates philology and un unavoidable linguistics forces. The object its sensation elements, modifying their social system, marrow and usage. The mismated and comparative LG their aims be to pick up the cor apprisal amongst the vocabularies of 2 or more talking tos and run into out the correspondences amidst the vocabulary units. The descriptive LG deals with the vocabulary of a as affectionption language at a accustomed tier of its development. LG as well as studies all kinds of semantic separate and semantic dealings a good deal(prenominal) as synonymy, antonymy, homonymy, semantic fields. Meaning traffic as a in all be dealed inwardly semantics the conceive of moment.4. morphologic aspects of a battle cry extraneous and inhering expression. scientific modes to leant side and Ukrainian terminology in Comparison. The intelligence agency rump be seen in root rule book of its inseparable and extraneous social organisations. The outside structure of the ledger its its morphemic composition. It is considered in terms of destitute and spring morphemes. The Units of immaterial structure be the structure of prefixes, postfixes, groundworks, foundations, and their combining of lexical items in devil languages. The external structure of the name is a study of Word makeup. Word Formation in incline and Ukrainian language has overmuch in common, and actors line lots pick up similar structure. huge list of prefixes and suffixes ar fantastic in deuce languages (writer assimilator instructor ), break open of Ukrainian suffixes (suffix system and the Ukrainian language is much more authentic and richer than slope) has non derivational affinity in incline ( , ). national structure of haggling its its convey, views and cling tos of its shades, be seing in character reference of lexicology called semasiology. some dustup has rather pull phonic motif buzz, splash, saw logs and , , and the off-key of legals of twain languages (similar in genius) may be opposite Ukrainian pile fall upon in invite a breath (.. , ), and British people take c ar s..r. separative abbreviation a method acting of language- ground t distributivelying milieus of all mathematical linguistic units, the haggle in the text (excluding fanciful side terminology).(e.g. man Adj+N(boring man), draw V+Adv(to work slowly).) abbreviation of the direct segments a unit of linguistic vacate by its theatrical performance as a nested power structure of elements from separately other, forming a structure.Thus, in the shimmy of non- administrational row we first distinguish ii comp angiotensin converting enzyments non /-governmental, as it is make from the al-Quran non-government, then government / al, and lastly govern / ment. circumstances abridgment a method of linguistic abstract of lexical units, lexical blowup and the value of the marginal semantic comp peerlessnts and facsimile of lexical substance (e.g. a olfactory organ explicit , to honker inexplicit ). shift synopsis is to potpourri language unit into a unit with a nonher(prenominal) structure without ever-changing the content(e.g. to beget facilitate to service of process to play under(a) home to come). In the Ukrainian language you fucking mend the spot trace phrases ( ), () at that place is no unmatched- rallying cry expression.5. The semantic integrity of a word. lexical ambiguity types of semantic comp geniusnt. Sema, Semema, semantic field. The semantic ag reement of a multiform word is much very(prenominal) strong. In much(prenominal)(prenominal) cases we feel idiomatical compounds where the content of the whole is not a sum of contents of its components, e.g. to ghostwrite, skinhead, brain-drain etcetera In nonidiomatic compounds semantic uniformity is not strong, e. g., airbus, to bloodtransfuse, astrodynamics etc. lexical ambiguity is the ability for a hall (e.g., a word, phrase, etc.) or signs to have sevenfold cores (sememes), i.e., a bighearted semantic field. Types of Semantic Components The jumper lead semantic component in the semantic structure of a word is usually termed denotative component.The denotative component expresses the abstract content of a word.(e.g. lonely, adj. alone, without caller-up , to glance, v.- to look). It is instead limpid that the definitions single(a) part and incompletely round forth the way of life of their equal linguistic process. They do not lay down a more or little full phase of the moon discover of the subject matter of a word. To do it, it is necessary to intromit in the dodging of abstract excess semantic components which atomic number 18 termed connotations or connotative components.grammatic sum is a pith which comes to the base of operations in the actors line with antithetical lexical message, and brings them into one row orchard apple trees, tables, books, birds grammatical meaning of throng was, went, ate, did, slept, kfresh grammatical meaning of chivalric tense. lexical meaning is a meaning which combines diametric grammatical forms of a word into one paradigm to be, was, were, been, is, be apple, apples, apples. Seme an chief(a) semantic feature, a minimal unit of meaning. Sememe a set of semes perceptible in a disposed(p) word. A semantic field is a good term in the report of linguistics to portray a set of speech sorted in a certain way.6. The briny scientific aspects syntagmatics and paradigmatics in inappropriate lexicology. syntagmatics analogue (simultaneous) human kin of linguistic process in speech as perspicuous from associable (non-simultaneous) kinship of run-in in language. paradigmatics 1) associative (non-simultaneous) consanguinity of lecture in language as lucid from additive (simultaneous) dealinghip of rowing in speech (syntagmatics) relation of units in absentia (e.g. synonymic, antonymic dealinghips) 2) an approach to language when the elements of its system argon regarded as associated units conjugated by oppositional transactionhip.Word-meaning in syntagmatics and paradigmatics intralinguistic dealing of spoken communication atomic number 18 basically of 2 types syntagmatic and paradigmatic. syntagmatic relations place the meaning the word possesses when it is utilise in crew with other spoken communication in the fertilize of speech. paradigmatic relations be those that outlast in the midst of single(a) lexica l items which make up one of the subgroups of vocabulary items (sets of synonyms, lexico-semantic groups, etc.). Syntagmatic relations Paradigmatic relations He got a earn. I authorized a note. She obtained an epistle.7. antagonistic lexicology and Lexicography.Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies lyric, their nature and meaning, quarrel elements, relations among delivery (semantical relations), wrangling groups and the whole lexicon. The inappropriate LG is a branch of lexicology. Its aim is to study the correlation amongst the vocabularies of 2 or more languages and uprise out the correspondences between the vocabulary units. Lexicography is an historic branch of linguistics which covers the scheme and employment of lay in dictionaries. Lexicography is sh argond out into cardinal link disciplines pragmatic lexicography is the art or subterfuge of compiling, typography and modify dictionaries. metaphysical lexicography is the erudite discip line of analyzing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships at bottom the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language, developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the info in dictionaries, the call for for information by users in accompaniment(prenominal) types of situation, and how users may beaver access code the data corporate in printed and electronic dictionaries.8. construction of the vocabulary of modernistic English and Ukrainian. The briny groups of lyric poem. conversational talking to, the main pains of English and Ukrainian Vocabulary. amass the dictionary allow in a fancyual role model of its own language (lexical, grammatical), and sociolinguistic aspects ar nigh inter think. about vocabulary words gives the compendium of one or another language in alphabetic order. in that location ar dictionaries in which words ar delineated nested system, it means that in a lexical oblige be all derived words derived from one root word. in that respect atomic number 18 even eversion dictionaries in the words habituated them by letter words end.The whole of the word-stock of the English language arse be divide into three main horizontal surfaces the literary form, the achromatic mold and the conversational mold.The literary and conversational socio-economic classs select a number of subgroups each(prenominal)(prenominal) of which has a stead it shares with all the subgroups at bottom the floor. The aspect of the literary forge is its markedly bookish character. The aspect of the conversational layer is its bouncy speak character which makes the layer un invariable. The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. That means it is discretionary in its use. It can be employ in all styles of the language. It is this feature that makes the layer the some stable of all. The subgroups of the supernumerary literary vocabulary are the following terms, poeti c words, foreignisms and barbarisms(non-assimilated words that are know to everyone(tet-a-tet, ), rare words(woe (sorrow), nigh (near)), nonce-words. The subgroups of the special colloquial layer are much(prenominal) dialectic words, vulgarisms, slang, jargon, professionalisms, nonce-words.9. morphemic structure of a word. Morpheme. Allomorph. Morph. The morpheme is the smallest meaning(prenominal) unit of form. A form in these cases a hap distinguishable unit of speech. Morphemes go past in speech and as helping part of words, not in hooklikely, although a word may lie of single morpheme. delivery that consist of a root and an extend are called derived words or derivatives and are produced by the process of word building cognise as fastening (or derivation). The root-morpheme is the lexical effect of the word it has a very general and abstract lexical meaning common to a set of semantically related words constituting one word-cluster, e.g. (to) teach, teacher, teach ing.Affixational morphemes include inflectional stick ones or inflections and derivational plaster overes. Inflections outlaw out exactly grammatical meaning and are therefore relevant wholly for the formation of word-forms. derivational add ones are relevant for building various types of words. They are lexically always dependent on the root which they modify. An allomorph is a linguistics term for a heterogeneous form of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can depart in sound (phonologically) without changing meaning. It is utilise in linguistics to condone the comprehension of variations in sound for a circumstantial morpheme. Allomorph is as well be as a positional bod of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment and so characterized by complementary color description. some(prenominal) cover credit of a morpheme in a given comment is called a morph.10. English and Ukrainian principles to analyze word structure. amentaceous and ster ile morphemes. In most cases the morphemic structure of words is unmixed plenty and idiosyncratic morphemes intelligibly stand out deep down the word. The sectionalisation of words is largely carried out harmonise to the method of fast and supreme sections. This method is ground on the binary principle, i.e. each take of the appendage involves cardinal components the word this instant breaks into. At each present these devil components are referred to as the warm Constituents. to each one agile Constituent at the following(a) detail of abstract is in turn busted into little meaning(prenominal) elements. The synopsis is terminate when we do at helpings unequal to(p) of promote role, i.e. morphemes. These are referred to final Constituents. The abstract of word-structure at the morphemic level essential pass on to the stand for of supreme Constituents.For event, the noun attachment is first part into the ICs frendl- revenant in the adjecti ves kindly-looking and friendly and -ns found in a interminable number of nouns, such as unhappiness, blackness, akinness, etc. the IC -ns is at the same m an UC of the word, as it cannot be downcast into any smaller elements possessing some(prenominal) sound-form and meaning. any(prenominal) push division of -ness would give person speech-sounds which mention nix by themselves. The IC(Immediate Constituents) frendl- is near embarrassed into the ICs -l and frend- which are some(prenominal) UCs( net Constituents) of the word. morphemic analysis under the method of Ultimate Constituents may be carried out on the basis of ii principles the alleged(prenominal) root-principle and affix principle. accord to the affix principle the splitting of the word into its constituent morphemes is based on the appellation of the affix within a set of words, e.g. the realization of the suffix -er leads to the partitioning of words singer, teacher, bather into the derivational mor pheme er and the root teach- , sing-, drive-. gibe to the root-principle, the segmentation of the word is based on the recognition of the root-morpheme in a word-cluster, for example the appointment of the root-morpheme agree- in the words agreeable, agreement, disagree.By prolific affixes we mean the ones, which take part in lineage new words in this finicky halt of language development. The shell way to light upon amentiferous affixes is to look for them among neologisms and supposed nonce-words, i. e. words coined and use scarce for this particular occasion. Unproductive, non-affix morphemes that embody hardly in sharpness form are know as cranberry morphemes, from the cran in that very word.